Drupal throws PDOException error when uploading certain images

With a clean D7 install (using standard install profile), I can upload certain .jpg images and drupal will throw the following error:

PDOException: SQLSTATE[HY000]: General error: 1366 Incorrect integer value: '' for column 'field_image_width' at row 1: INSERT INTO {field_data_field_image} (entity_type, entity_id, revision_id, bundle, delta, language, field_image_fid, field_image_alt, field_image_title, field_image_width, field_image_height) VALUES (:db_insert_placeholder_0, :db_insert_placeholder_1, :db_insert_placeholder_2, :db_insert_placeholder_3, :db_insert_placeholder_4, :db_insert_placeholder_5, :db_insert_placeholder_6, :db_insert_placeholder_7, :db_insert_placeholder_8, :db_insert_placeholder_9, :db_insert_placeholder_10); Array ( [:db_insert_placeholder_0] => node [:db_insert_placeholder_1] => 2 [:db_insert_placeholder_2] => 2 [:db_insert_placeholder_3] => article [:db_insert_placeholder_4] => 0 [:db_insert_placeholder_5] => und [:db_insert_placeholder_6] => 2 [:db_insert_placeholder_7] => [:db_insert_placeholder_8] => [:db_insert_placeholder_9] => [:db_insert_placeholder_10] => ) in field_sql_storage_field_storage_write() (line 448 of /my_directory/modules/field/modules/field_sql_storage/field_sql_storage.module).

Steps to reproduce the error:
1. Download the file "Problem.jpg" below (this is critical because only certain images generate this error)
2. Log in to your fresh install, click the "Add Content" link, and create a new Article
3. Enter a title and then browse for the image you just downloaded
4. Save the node (notice you don't see the image when you view the node)
5. Click the node's Edit tab (notice you see the file name/icon but again no image thumbnail)
6. Save the node and you'll see the error

Additionally in the watchdog I see this error:

Unable to generate the derived image located at public://styles/thumbnail/public/field/image/Problem.jpg.

I installed Devel and the uploaded "Problem.jpg" image has NULL width and height values whereas other images show these values correctly and work just fine (for example "NoProblem.jpg" which I've uploaded for reference). All images were output by Adobe Photoshop and I've had no problems with them in other image manipulation environments. I think there is something wrong with Drupal because it appears to be unable to determine the height and width of some images.

I am willing and able to provide more examples of images that provoke this error.