I was updating several 5.3 sites to 5.7. In my new install I had inlcuded token and pathauto modules which were not in the old install. After upgrading, both image and audio modules were disabled. Neither audio or image were listed in the update selections but I knew I had installed newer versions of those modules than I had in the old 5.3 install.
After some head scratching, I found that if I enabled path, pathauto, then saved, I saw token was automatically enabled. Then I could run update.php again and both audio and image modules were listed as needing updates. After running update, it all works again and I can turn off path and pathauto again.
I don't know enough to be sure what the problem is/was but perhaps this will help others.
version = "5.x-2.x-dev"
project = "audio"
datestamp = "1201737666"
version = "5.x-1.x-dev"
project = "token"
datestamp = "1200572115"
version = "5.x-2.x-dev"
project = "pathauto"
datestamp = "1202343027"
version = "5.x-2.x-dev"
project = "image"
datestamp = "1202126611"
version = "5.x-1.x-dev"
project = "token"
datestamp = "1200572115"