Verify that the value passed to fid doesn't exceed the maximum value the field is able to contain

As consequence of #510484: Incorrect definition of the fid database field, the code must verify that it doesn't assign to fid a value that the database field cannot contain.

The limit is caused by filter.module, which saves the delta value obtained from the modules in a database field that is defined as a tiny integer, which has the size of a byte (in MySQL), or two bytes (in PostgreSQL).