Insert into all node types

Insert Block is useful for inserting exiting blocks (ie. provided by other modules or Drupal core) or blocks created using the blocks UI in Drupal.

It sounds like what you're asking is if you can insert a node into a block and then assign it to a theme region... this module works the other way around. It lets you insert a block into a node.

Or maybe I've mis-interpreted what you're asking. I'm confused by your question because node types don't have columns. Unless maybe you're using something like Panels or Display Suite that has added functionality like that to your UI.

That can be done with a standard block and is likely more appropriate. The block can issue menu_get_item() to retrieve the currently displayed node.

If this is purely a taxonomy link, then you can just use hook_link_alter() to the change the link text.