Using parameters in routes
Parameters can be used to pass dynamic values from the URI to the controller.
Parameter upcasting in routes
Routes in Drupal 8 may include placeholder elements which designate places where the URL contains dynamic values.
Accessing raw parameter values
If you need to access the unconverted data, like for example a user ID, you can access the data using $request->attributes->get('_raw
Validate route parameters
Drupal 8's routes placeholder values (i.e., parameters passed in the URL) may be validated using the routing system.
How upcasting parameters works
Read how, for example, a node ID actually gets converted into the actual node object.
Implementing custom parameter converters
It should be very rare that you need custom parameter converters, because all content and configuration entities automatically get upcast,